Produced in 2019, several candidates in the 2020 U.S. Presidental race talk about climate change and the environmental impact domestic policy can have on the world.

This comprehensive exploration traces the pivotal discoveries and revolutionary ideas that have shaped our understanding of the quantum universe. Beginning with a simple light bulb that sparked a scientific revolution, we unravel how the "ultraviolet catastrophe" puzzled scientists and led Max Planck to introduce the concept of energy quanta, laying the groundwork for quantum theory. We delve into the photoelectric effect, where Albert Einstein proposed that light consists of discrete packets of energy called photons, challenging long-held notions and establishing the dual wave-particle nature of light. The journey continues with Ernest Rutherford's groundbreaking gold foil experiment, unveiling the nuclear model of the atom and setting the stage for further quantum investigations. Niels Bohr then addresses the paradox of why electrons don't crash into the nucleus by proposing that electrons occupy fixed energy levels, preventing them from spiraling inward. Louis de Broglie expands our understanding by hypothesizing that particles like electrons exhibit wave-like properties—a concept known as wave-particle duality. This idea is experimentally confirmed by the Davisson-Germer experiment, demonstrating that electrons can produce interference patterns, a hallmark of wave behavior. Werner Heisenberg introduces matrix mechanics, a mathematical framework that discards classical concepts of definite particle positions and velocities, instead embracing probabilities and uncertainties encapsulated in his famous Uncertainty Principle. Contrasting Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger formulates wave mechanics, envisioning particles as real waves described by the Schrödinger equation, and challenges the Copenhagen Interpretation's probabilistic nature with his famous Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. The Copenhagen Interpretation, championed by Bohr and Heisenberg, posits that quantum particles exist in superpositions of all possible states until observed, placing the observer at the heart of quantum phenomena. Wolfgang Pauli reshapes chemistry with his Exclusion Principle, stating that no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously, explaining the structure of the periodic table and the behavior of electrons in atoms. We delve into Quantum Field Theory (QFT), uncovering how particles are excitations of underlying fields and providing a framework for understanding the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear forces, forming the foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics. The development of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) by physicists like Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga is highlighted, as QED precisely describes how light and matter interact, utilizing Feynman diagrams to visualize complex quantum interactions. The long-standing debate over quantum mechanics' completeness leads John Bell to formulate the Bell Theorem and associated Bell inequalities, providing a way to test the existence of hidden variables and the concept of local realism. Experiments violating Bell inequalities support the non-local predictions of quantum mechanics. Finally, we contemplate whether quantum mechanics represents the ultimate framework for understanding reality or if it points toward even deeper laws yet to be discovered. Theories like quantum gravity and perspectives from physicists like Roger Penrose suggest that our journey into the quantum realm may just be beginning. Content 00:00 Introduction 01:46 How Did the Lightbulb Play a Key Role in the Birth of Quantum Mechanics? 03:39 How Did the Ultraviolet Catastrophe Arise? 06:58 How Did the Photoelectric Effect Challenge Existing Science? 11:48 How Did Einstein Explain the Photoelectric Effect? 14:30 How Did Rutherford Uncover the Secret at the Heart of the Atom? 16:28 Why Didn’t Electrons Fall Into the Nucleus? What Was Bohr’s Solution? 19:05 How Did De Broglie Uncover the Wave Nature of Matter? 22:12 How Did the Davisson-Germer Experiment Prove the Wave-Particle Nature of Electrons? 25:29 How Did Heisenberg’s Matrix Mechanics Provide a Concrete Mathematical Structure for the Quantum World? 28:00 Why Did Schrödinger Argue for a Deterministic Quantum Mechanics? 30:47 How Did the Copenhagen Interpretation Place the Observer at the Center of Reality? 34:15 What Is Quantum Entanglement and Why Did Einstein Oppose It? 37:40 How Did Dirac’s Equation Reveal the Existence of Antimatter? 41:39 How Did Pauli’s Exclusion Principle Reshape Chemistry? 45:22 How Did Quantum Field Theory Reveal the Fundamental Forces of the Universe? 50:03 How Did Quantum Electrodynamics Bring Together Electrons and Light? 52:42 How Did John Bell Propose to Resolve the Quantum Reality Debate? 55:09 Is Quantum Mechanics the Ultimate Theory, or a Gateway to New Discoveries?

Watch the lecture in Japanese here: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/nihon-hidankyo/lecture/ The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony took place in Oslo City Hall. The ceremony contains artistic performances, the speech of the Chair of the Nobel Committee, the presentation of the diploma and gold medal, and the Nobel Peace Prize lecture. Production: NRK (Norsk Rikskringkasting AS) Live stream terms of use: https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremony/streams-terms-of-use/ © Nobel Prize Outreach

In a way, health is everything. Without it, there can be no dreams, no future. But what does health truly mean? According to the WHO, it’s “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.” In times of pandemics, anxiety, war, climate change, and growing inequalities, being healthy is not a small challenge for anyone. Can we work together to treat it as a common problem? Maybe there is a road towards health for all? In this year’s Nobel Week Dialogue, we will delve into the critical subject of our health. Nobel Prize laureates and other experts will gather to discuss and envision our future. They will explore ground-breaking medical advancements, disease prevention strategies, and innovative ways to enhance our lives. The dialogue will also address planetary health, and the environment’s critical impact on us all. Speakers include Nobel Prize laureates Charles Rice, medicine 2020; Michael Rosbash, medicine 2017; Olga Tokarczuk, literature 2018 and Drew Weissman, medicine 2023. Joining them will be Ola Rosling, president and co-founder of Gapminder Foundation and Joakim Larsson from the Department of Infectious Diseases at the Institute of Biomedicine in the University of Gothenburg. In partnership with Carl Bennet AB; City of Gothenburg; Volvo. Event partner: Royalty Pharma. Live stream terms of use: https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremony/streams-terms-of-use/ © Nobel Prize Outreach.

Join us live in Stockholm for the Nobel Prize award ceremony which takes place at the Stockholm Concert Hall, Sweden, on 10 December – the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. At the ceremony, the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and the prize in economic sciences are awarded to the Nobel Prize laureates. Live stream terms of use: https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremony/streams-terms-of-use/ © Nobel Prize Outreach